Probably not apocalyptic enough for this thread, so by all means skip it if you don't like level-headed editorial comment from the FT.
Help, not miracles, from central banksYou have a house, a large mortgage and all the usual bills keep coming through the letterbox: electricity, gas, telephone, credit card. You are committed to building an extension to your house, but loans have become expensive and it would use up all of your savings. To make matters worse the housing market is looking shaky.
A kind friend – let’s call him Fred – says: “Don’t worry, I’ll lend as much as you need to get through the month. Just pay me a little above the bank rate. No need to worry about collateral, but if you insist then pledge that car of yours.” The car is new – a 2006 CDOx model that looks great but is terribly unreliable. Good luck to Fred if he ever has to sell it.
It is a tremendous relief: your immediate problems are solved. The loan will help to pay the builders and Fred is a decent bloke, so you can probably roll it over for a few months if need be.
But you will still have to pay Fred back, you are still stuck with the wretched car and the housing market still looks weak. Fred’s loan has got you out of a hole, but it has not made you any wealthier. You may be able to pay the bills, but you will still have to cut back on spending and you are certainly not going to lend money to anybody else.
Many banks in Europe and North America – small banks in particular – are in a similar position. They are being forced to absorb billions of dollars in assets that their off-balance sheet vehicles can no longer finance. The quality of those assets looks questionable and the banks are struggling to borrow money at a reasonable rate.
This week the central banks of the US, the eurozone, Canada, Switzerland and the UK agreed to act as Fred, providing cheap short-term loans to commercial banks. Yet given fear about losses on subprime mortgages, and therefore fear about the solvency of every bank in the system, having cash to hand may still not be enough to persuade banks to lend to each other.
Fred can help. If he would only lend enough to repay the mortgage and build the extension, all at a low interest rate and with no fixed date for repayment, then all your troubles would be over. Central banks, if they are willing to accept the credit risk, can do this by lending an unlimited amount, against any collateral, at their base rate. They should do this – as the Bank of Japan did in 2001 – if the alternative is a complete halt to new bank lending. But it should be a last resort.
No matter what central banks do, they cannot, in an instant, end the stress on the credit markets. Nor can they prevent that stress causing a significant economic slowdown.
Bad loans have been made. US house prices are falling and the rest of the world may soon follow. The excesses of recent years will have to be worked off, one loan at a time. Fred can ease the pain – but he cannot cure the disease.