Country........ Holding %.Top15
Japan..........: $820Bn :27.2 %
China..........: $525Bn :17.4 %
Eurozone.......: $360Bn :12.0 %
Taiwan.........: $230Bn : 7.6 %
US.............: $180Bn : 6.0 % : Top.5= 70.3%
South Korea....: $175Bn : 5.8 %
India..........: $120Bn : 4.0 %
Hong Kong......: $115Bn : 3.8 %
Singapore......: $100Bn : 3.5 %
Russia.........: $ 95Bn : 3.2 % : Top10= 90.4%
Switzerland....: $ 70Bn : 2.3 %
Mexico.........: $ 65Bn : 2.2 %
Malaysia.......: $ 60Bn : 2.0 %
Brazil.........: $ 50Bn : 1.7 %
UK.............: $ 45Bn : 1.5 %
TOP 15........ $3,010Bn : 100 %
During the mid- to late-1960s, the United States experienced a period of rising inflation. Because currencies could not fluctuate to reflect the shift in relative macroeconomic conditions between the United States and other nations, the system of fixed exchange rates came under pressure.
In 1973, the United States officially ended its adherence to the gold standard. Many other industrialized nations also switched from a system of fixed exchange rates to a system of floating rates. Since 1973, exchange rates for most industrialized countries have floated, or fluctuated, according to the supply of and demand for different currencies in international markets. An increase in the value of a currency is known as appreciation, and a decrease as depreciation. Some countries and some groups of countries, however, continue to use fixed exchange rates to help to achieve economic goals, such as price stability.
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